The more phonological processes used together by a child at once, the more difficult it may be for a child to be understood by both familiar and unfamiliar conversation partners. This approach differed from traditional intervention programs in two ways: the unit of treatment was whole words rather than phonemes or phonological processes. However, developmental speech-sound norms differ in age and gender for each speech sound and cluster. Phonological processes typically begin to disappear, or are suppressed by the age of four. Vowelization: substitution of a vowel for a consonant. Refers to the replacement of a non-labial sound by a labial one.Vocalization: final position vocalic /l/ and /er/ becomes rounded vowels /u/ or /o/.Syllable Deletion: omission of one syllable of a multi-syllable word, usually the weaker unstressed syllable.Stridency Deletion: omission of strident consonants or replacement of them with non-strident consonants.Stopping: replacement of continuing consonants or affricates with stop consonants.Reduplication: repetition of phonemes or syllables.Palatalization: alveolar fricatives become palatals.Metathesis: the position of two sounds is reversed, although both sounds are produced correctly.Labialization: replacement of consonants made with the tongue with consonants made with the lips.Gliding: production of liquids /l/ and /r/ as glides /w/ and /j/.Fronting: replacement of back consonants and palatal consonants with consonants produced at or in front of the alveolar ridge. What is a Phonological Process Nasal Assimilation, When a non-nasal sounds like y changes to a nasal sound like m, due to the presence of a nasal.Epenthesis: addition of consonants or vowels.Depalatalization: movement of the place of articulation of a palatal sound from the palate to a position forward in the mouth, typically the alveolar region.Devoicing: deletion of voicing from voiced consonants.Denasalization: nasals become denasal.Deaffrication: replacement of an affricate consonant with a fricative consonant, or change of an affricate target phoneme to a stop.Consonant Deletion: omission of a consonant in the word initial or word final position.Cluster Reduction: deletion or replacement of one or more consonants in a consonant cluster, or two sounds together.Posterior consonants include: k, g, ng, h. Backing: substitution of a posterior consonant for an anterior consonant.For example: cup-pup, dog-gog, kitty-kiki. Assimilation: prudction of a phoneme that is more like another phoneme in the target word.Alveolarization: replacement of consonants made with the teeth or lips with consonants made at the alveolar ridge.Affrication: replacement of a fricative consonant with an affricate consonant.Some examples of commonly used phonological processes include but are not limited to: Phonological processes and are a way in which typically developing children simplify adult speech patterns.
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